Windows 98

Windows 98
Part of the Microsoft Windows family
Screenshot of Windows 98
Developer
Microsoft
Releases
Release date	RTM: 15 May 1998 Retail: 25 June 1998 (info)
Current version	4.10.1998 ("Gold"), 4.10.2222A ("SE") (25 June 1998; 12 years ago (1998-06-25) ("Gold"), 5 May 1999; 11 years ago (1999-05-05) ("SE")) (info)
Source model	Closed source
License	Microsoft EULA
Kernel type	Monolithic kernel
Support status
Unsupported as of 11 July 2006[1]
Further reading
Development of Windows 98

Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis) is a graphical operating system by Microsoft. It is the second major release in the Windows 9x line of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998 and to retail on June 25, 1998. Windows 98 is the successor to Windows 95. Like its predecessor, it is a hybrid 16-bit/32-bit^[2] monolithic product with an MS-DOS based boot loader^[3]. Windows 98 was succeeded by Windows Me on September 14, 2000. Microsoft support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.

Web integration

The Windows 98 shell includes all of the enhancements from Windows Desktop Update, an Internet Explorer 4 component, such as the Quick Launch toolbar, deskbands, Active Desktop, Channels, ability to minimize foreground windows by clicking their button on the taskbar, single click launching, Back and Forward navigation buttons, favorites and address bar in Windows Explorer, image thumbnails, folder infotips and web view in folders and folder customization through HTML-based templates.

Newer standards support

• Windows 98 was the first operating system to use the Windows Driver Model (WDM). This fact was not well published when Windows 98 was released and most hardware producers continued to develop drivers for the older driver standard, VxD. The WDM standard spread years after its release, mostly through Windows 2000 and Windows XP, because these systems are not compatible with the older VxD standard^[4]. Windows Driver Model was introduced so developers would write largely source compatible drivers for all future versions of Windows. Device driver access in WDM is implemented through a VxD device driver, NTKERN.VXD which implements several Windows NT-specific kernel support functions. NTKERN creates IRPs and sends them to WDM drivers. Windows 98, in general, provides improved and a broader range of support for IDE and SCSI drives and drive controllers, floppy drive controllers and all other classes of hardware than Windows 95. ^[5]
• WDM Audio: Support for WDM audio enables digital mixing, routing and processing of simultaneous audio streams and kernel streaming with high quality sample rate conversion on Windows 98. WDM Audio allows for software emulation of legacy hardware to support MS-DOS games, DirectSound support and MIDI wavetable sythesis. A Microsoft GS Wavetable Synthesizer licensed from Roland shipped with Windows 98 for WDM audio drivers. Windows 98 supports digital playback of audio CDs. Windows 98 Second Edition improves WDM audio support by adding DirectSound hardware mixing and DirectSound 3D hardware abstraction, DirectMusic kernel support, KMixer sample-rate conversion (SRC) for capture streams and multichannel audio support.
• Windows 98 had more complete USB support (e.g. support for USB composite devices) than Windows 95 which only had support in OEM versions (OSR2.1 or later). ^[6] Windows 98 supports USB hubs, USB scanners and imaging class devices, and USB HID and PID class devices such as USB mice, keyboards, force feedback joysticks etc. It includes a WDM streaming class driver to address real time multimedia data stream processing requirements and a WDM kernel-mode video transport for enhanced video playback and capture. USB audio device class support is present from Windows 98 SE onwards. Windows 98 Second Edition also introduced support for WDM for modems (and therefore USB modems and virtual COM ports).
• Basic FireWire (IEEE 1394) support
• Integrated Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) support compared to the Windows 95 original release. (Note: USB Supplement to Windows 95 OSR2 and later releases of Windows 95 include AGP support).
• DVD support and UDF 1.02 read support
• ACPI 1.0 support which enabled Standby (ACPI S3) and Hibernate (ACPI S4) states. However, hibernation support was extremely limited, and vendor-specific. Hibernation was only available if compatible (PnP) hardware and BIOS were present, and the hardware manufacturer or OEM supplied compatible WDM drivers (non-VxD) drivers. There were also hibernation issues with the FAT32 file system. ^[5]
• Still imaging architecture (STI) for scanners and cameras, Image Color Management 2.0 which supports more color spaces and TWAIN support
• Broadcast Driver Architecture
• Multiple monitor support allows using 8 multiple monitors and/or multiple graphics adapters on a single PC.
• Windows 98 shipped with DirectX 5.2 which notably included DirectShow. Windows 98 Second Edition shipped with DirectX 6.1.
• Networking enhancements:
  • TCP/IP: Windows 98 networking enhancements to TCP/IP include support for Winsock 2, SMB signing, ^[7] a new IP Helper API, Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) (also known as link-local addressing), IP multicasting (including IGMPv2 support and ICMP Router Discovery - RFC 1256), and performance enhancements for high-speed high bandwidth networks (TCP large windows and time stamps - RFC 1323, Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) - RFC 2018, TCP Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery). Multihoming support with TCP/IP is improved and includes RIP listener support.
  • The DHCP client has been enhanced to include address assignment conflict detection and longer timeout intervals. NetBT configuration in the WINS client has been improved to continue persistently querying multiple WINS servers if it failed to establish the initial session until all of the WINS servers specified have been queried or a connection is established.
  • NDIS 5.0 support means Windows 98 can support a wide range of network media, including Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), token ring, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), wide area networks (WANs), ISDN, X.25, and Frame Relay. Additional features include NDIS power management, support for QoS, WMI and support for a single INF file format across all Windows versions.
  • Dial-Up Networking: Windows 98 Dial-Up Networking supports PPTP tunneling, support for ISDN adapters, multilink support, and connection-time scripting to automate non-standard login connections. Multilink channel aggregation enables users to combine all available dial-up lines to achieve higher transfer speeds. PPP connection logs can show actual packets being passed and Windows 98 allows PPP logging per connection. The Dial-Up Networking improvements are also available in Windows 95 OSR2 and downloadable for earlier Windows 95 releases.
  • For networked computers that have user profiles enabled, Windows 98 introduces Microsoft Family Logon which lists all users that have been configured for that computer, enabling users to simply select their names from a list rather than having to type it in.
  • Windows 98 has built-in support for browsing DFS trees on SMB shares.
  • IrDA support: Windows 98 supports IrDA 3.0 that specifies both Serial Infrared Devices (SIR) and Fast Infrared (FIR) devices, which are capable of sending and receiving data at 4Mbps. Infrared Recipient, a new application for transferring files through an infrared connection is included. The IrDA stack in Windows 98 supports networking profiles over the IrCOMM kernel-mode driver.
  • Windows 98 Second Edition added Internet Connection Sharing (IP forwarding and NAT capabilities). Windows Me later supported NAT traversal by means of UPnP. UPnP and NAT traversal APIs can also be installed on Windows 98 by installing the Windows XP Network Setup Wizard. ^[8]
  • L2TP/IPsec VPN support as a downloadable client.
  • Ability to take advantage of several Windows 2000 Active Directory features by installing Active Directory Client Extensions.

Improvements to the system and tools

• Microsoft Backup supports differential backup and SCSI tape devices in Windows 98.
• Disk Cleanup - This tool enables users to clear their disks of unnecessary files. Cleanup locations are extensible through Disk Cleanup handlers. Disk Cleanup can be automated for regular silent cleanups.
• Disk Defragmenter - Disk Defragmenter has been improved to rearrange program files that are frequently used to a hard disk region optimized for program start.^[9]
• Scanreg (DOS) and ScanRegW — Registry Checker tool used to backup, restore or optimize the Windows registry. It tests the registry's integrity and saves a backup copy each time Windows successfully boots. The maximum amount of copies could be customized by the user through "scanreg.ini" file. The restoration of a registry that causes Windows to fail to boot can only be done from DOS mode.
• Msconfig — A system utility used to disable programs and services that are not required to run the computer.
• Maintenance Wizard - Tool that schedules and automates ScanDisk, Disk Defragmenter and Disk Cleanup.
• System File Checker - Tool to check installed versions of system files to ensure they were the same version as the one installed with Windows 98 or newer. Corrupt or older versions are replaced by the correct versions. This tool was introduced to resolve the DLL hell issue and was replaced in Windows Me by System File Protection.
• Fast Shutdown feature that initiates shutdown without uninitializing device drivers. ^[10]
• Write-behind caching for removable disk drives.
• FAT32 converter utility for converting FAT16 drives to FAT32 without formatting the partition.
• The Windows 98 Startup Disk contains generic, real-mode ATAPI and SCSI CD-ROM drivers and has been preconfigured to automatically start MS-DOS mode with CD-ROM support enabled. For computers without an operating system and that do not support booting from optical drives, the Startup disk can be used to boot into MS-DOS and automatically start Windows 98 setup from the CD.
• Dr. Watson: Windows 98 includes an improved version of the Dr. Watson utility that collects and lists comprehensive information such as running tasks, startup programs with their command line switches, system patches, kernel driver, user drivers, DOS drivers and 16-bit modules. With Dr. Watson loaded in the system tray, whenever a software fault occurs (general protection fault, hang, etc.), Dr. Watson will intercept it and indicate what software crashed and its cause. All of the collected information is logged to the \Windows\DrWatson folder.
• WinAlign: WinAlign (Walign.exe and Winalign.exe) is a tool designed to optimize the performance of executable code (binaries). It aligns binary sections along 4 KB boundaries, aligning the executable sections with the memory pages. This allows the Windows 98 MapCache feature to map directly to sections in cache, resulting in a significant increase in performance through more available memory. ^[11] Walign.exe is included in Windows 98 for optimizing Microsoft Office programs. Winalign.exe is included in the Windows 98 Resource Kit to optimize other programs.
• Windows Report Tool: Windows Report Tool takes a snapshot of system configuration and lets users submit a manual problem report along with system information to technicians. It has e-mail confirmation for submitted reports.

A Critical Update Notification in Windows 98

Miscellaneous improvements

• Title bars of windows and dialog boxes support two-color gradients. Windows 98 menus and tooltips support slide animation.
• Microsoft Magnifier, Accessibility Wizard and Microsoft Active Accessibility 1.1 API upgradeable to MSAA 2.0.
• The system could be updated using Windows Update. A utility to automatically notify of critical updates was later released.
• HTML Help and 15 Troubleshooting Wizards
• Windows Script Host upgradeable to version 5.6
• Telephony API (TAPI) 2.1
• DCOM version 1.2
• WebTV for Windows which allows viewing television on the computer if a compatible TV Tuner is installed. TV listings could updated from the Internet and WaveTop Data Broadcasting allowed extra data about broadcasts to be received via regular television signals using an antenna or cable, by embedding data streams into the vertical blanking interval (VBI) portion of existing broadcast television signals.
• Windows 98 integrates shell enhancements, themes and other features from Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 such as DriveSpace 3, Compression Agent, Dial-Up Networking Server, Dial-Up Scripting Tool and Task Scheduler. 3D Pinball is included on the CD-ROM but not installed by default. Windows 98 had its own separately purchasable Plus! pack called Plus! 98.
• Ability to list fonts by similarity determined using PANOSE information.
• Improved accessories: Users can configure the font in Notepad. Microsoft Paint supports GIF transparency. HyperTerminal supports a TCP/IP connection method allowing it to be used as a Telnet client. Imaging for Windows is updated. System Monitor supports logging.
• Support for compressed CAB files
• Tools to automate setup such as Batch 98 and INFInst.exe support error-checking, gathering information automatically to create an INF file directly from the registry of the machine, customizing IE4, shell and desktop settings and adding custom drivers.
• Several other Resource Kit tools are included on the Windows 98 CD. ^[12]
• Besides Internet Explorer, many other internet tools were included such as Outlook Express, Windows Address Book, FrontPage Express, Microsoft Chat, Personal Web Server and a Web Publishing Wizard, NetMeeting and NetShow Player (in the original release of Windows 98) which was replaced by Windows Media Player 6.2 in Windows 98 Second Edition.

Editions

Windows 98 Upgrade cover.

Windows 98 Second Edition

Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to SE) is an updated release of Windows 98, released on May 5,1999. It includes fixes for many minor issues, improved WDM audio and modem support, improved USB support and FireWire DV camcorder support, the replacement of Internet Explorer 4.0 with Internet Explorer 5.0 and related shell updates. Also included is Wake-On-LAN support (if ACPI compatible NDIS drivers are present) and Internet Connection Sharing, which allows multiple computers on a LAN to share a single Internet connection through Network Address Translation. Other features in the update include DirectX 6.1 which introduced DirectMusic, improvements to Asynchronous Transfer Mode support (IP/ATM, PPP/ATM and WinSock 2/ATM support), Windows Media Player 6.2 replacing the older Media Player, Microsoft NetMeeting 3.0, MDAC 2.1 and WMI. A memory overflow issue was resolved which in the older version of Windows 98 would crash most systems if left running for 49.7 days (equal to 2³² milliseconds)^[13]. Windows 98 SE could be obtained as retail upgrade and full version packages, as well as OEM and a Second Edition Updates Disc for existing Windows 98 users.

Cover of the Windows 98 Second Edition Upgrade (From Windows 95/3.11) Box

Upgradeability

Several Windows 98 components which shipped at release time can be updated to newer versions. They include:

• Internet Explorer 6 SP1
• Windows Media Format Runtime and Windows Media Player 9 Series on Windows 98 SE and Windows Media Player 7.1 on Windows 98.
• DirectX 9.0c
• MSN Messenger 7.0
• Significant features from newer Microsoft operating systems can be installed on Windows 98. Chief among them are NET Framework versions 1.0, 1.1 and 2.0, Visual C++ 2005 runtime, Windows Installer 2.0, GDI+ redistributable library, Remote Desktop Connection client 5.1 and the Text Services Framework.
• Several other components such as MSXML 3.0 SP7, Microsoft Agent 2.0, NetMeeting 3.01, MSAA 2.0, ActiveSync 3.8, WSH 5.6, Microsoft Data Access Components 2.81 SP1, WMI 1.5 and Speech API 4.0.
• Office XP is the last version of Microsoft Office to be compatible with Windows 98.
• Although Windows 98 does not fully support Unicode, certain Unicode applications can run by installing the Microsoft Layer for Unicode.

Press demonstration

The release of Windows 98 was preceded by a notable press demonstration at Comdex in April 1998. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP). However, when presentation assistant Chris Capossela plugged a scanner in and attempted to install it, the operating system crashed, displaying a Blue Screen of Death. Gates remarked after applause and cheering from the audience, "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet." Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon. ^[15]

Product life cycle

Microsoft planned to discontinue its support for Windows 98 on January 16, 2004. However, due to the continued popularity of the operating system (27% of Google's pageviews were on Windows 98 systems during October-November, 2003)^[16], Microsoft decided to maintain support until July 11, 2006. Support for Windows Me also ended on this date^[17]. By that time, Windows 98 market share had diminished to 2.7%^[18]. Windows 98 is no longer available from Microsoft in any form due to the terms of Java-related settlements Microsoft made with Sun Microsystems^[19].

System requirements

• 486DX-2/66 MHz or higher processor (Pentium processor recommended)
• 16 MB of RAM (24 MB recommended, it's possible to run on 8 MB machines with /im option used during the installation process)
• At least 500 MB of space available on HDD. The amount of space required depends on the installation method and the components selected, but virtual memory and system utilities as well as drivers should be taken into consideration.

• Upgrading from Windows 95 (FAT16) or 3.1 (FAT): 140-400 MB (typically 205 MB).
• New installation (FAT32): 190-305 MB (typically 210 MB).
• Note 1: Both Windows 98 and Windows 98 SE can have significant problems associated with hard drives that are over 32 Gigabytes (GB) in size. This issue only occurs with certain Phoenix BIOS settings. A software update has been made available to fix this shortcoming^[20].
• Note 2: Also, both Windows 98 and Windows 98 SE are unable to handle hard drives that are over 137 GB in size with the default drivers, because of missing 48-bit LBA support. Whole disc data corruption is likely. A couple of third party patches are available to fix this shortcoming^[21].

• VGA or higher resolution monitor (640x480)
• CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive (floppy install is possible but slow)
• Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device (optional)^[22].

Like its predecessor, Windows 95, and its successor, Windows Millennium Edition (Me), users can bypass hardware requirement checks with the undocumented /im setup switch. This allows installation on computers with processors as old as the 80386.

See also

• Development of Windows 98

Notes

References

External links

• Windows 98 System Requirements
• GUIdebook: Windows 98 Gallery - A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces